AA-HPA Copolymer as a Scale Inhibitor and Dispersant in Cooling Water
Open recirculating cooling systems concentrate everything that enters with the make-up water. At five cycles of concentration, a feedwater with 120 mg/L calcium hardness becomes 600 mg/L in the tower; at eight cycles it doubles again. Scale and fouling are therefore not accidents, they are the predictable result of an economic decision about how much
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